INFLECTIONAL AND DERIVATION MORPHEMES

2ND GROUP

1. PPT

2. PAPER

INTRODUCTION

A.    PRELIMINARY

                Language has two aspects, namely meaning and form. In relation to meaning, the smallest unit of meaning in language is the morpheme. Morpheme is defined as the smallest meaning unit of a language (Lim Kiat Boey, 1975: 37). in relation to meaning, the smallest meaningful unit in language is morpheme.bound morphemes are classified into two namely derivational and inflectional morphemes . Words consist of morphemes. The word teacher, for example, consists of three units or morphemes, which means teaching, –er, and –s. Teaching morphemes form the word teacher has a lexical meaning; the morpheme –er means the actor teaches; morpheme -s has a plural meaning. We can identify the meaning of the morpheme that is taught even though it stands alone, but we cannot identify the meaning of the morpheme –er and –s separately. We can identify the meaning of the –er and –s morphemes after they are combined with the morphemes taught. Morphemes that can stand alone are significantly called free morphemes while morphemes such as –er and –s, which cannot be significantly independent are called bound morphemes. The bound morpheme must be attached to the free morpheme. Bound morphemes are also called prefixes which can be classified into prefixes, infixes and suffixes.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A.    INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES

An inflected morpheme is a bound morpheme that expresses tension, number, gender, ownership, and so on. Unlike derived morphemes, inflectional morphemes do not change the grammatical categories of the words attached to them. Inflections are changes that signify the grammatical function of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns (for example, noun plural, verb tenses). Inflectional morphemes are used to make the variant form of a word to signal grammatical information. For example, the suffix [-ed] indicates that the verb is past tense: cook-ed .

English has only eight inflectional affixes:

•     noun plural {-s}

•     noun possessive {-s}

•     verb present tense {-s}

•     verb past tense {-ed}

•     verb past participle {-en}

•     verb present participle {-ing}

•     adjective comparative {-er}

•     adjective superlative {-est}

Nouns take two inflected morphemes, plural and possessive.

Plural, -s: pen + -s = pens;

           -es: g + -es = glasses

      Seveal plurals take different morphemes:

•     datum --> data

•     medium --> media

•     ox --> oxen

•     moose --> moose

Possessive –s: Barbara + -s = Barbara’s                     

      When a singular possessive noun ends with–s or –z, it still takes the ‘s. The pronunciation of the ‘s just changes from the [s] sound to the [z] sound:

•     bass --> bass’s

•     maze --> maze’s

      The possessive of a plural noun that ends with -s is pronounced like the plural form.. It’s spelled with a simple apostrophe and no additional –s:

•     five days’ work

•     the taxpayers’ burden

English has a relatively simple form of verb inflection. Every verb has an unaffected, or infinitive, form. It's just that there are four inflected morphemes that can attach to the infinitive form.

Inflection	Function	Example	Note that…
present-tense inflections -s	Used when the subject is a noun or third-person singular pronoun	She usually sits here. The house stays cool at night.	Verbs ending in –s take -es, e.g. toss à tosses.
Past - tense inflection – morphemes ed	Used to indicate past tense of a regular verb.	The blackest dog never barked	Irregular verbs can inflect by changing their vowel (ride à rode) or take no change (cut à cut).  Some change more than a vowel (go à went).
past-participle inflection – morphemes en	Used with the helping verb have to form the present perfect & past perfect.	The two girls had eaten dinner .	So regular verbs, the past-participle inflection is –ed,
present-participle inflection - ing	Used with the helping verb be to form the present progressive.	I am walking to the store. the cats tail was twitching	The present-participle inflection also often occurs as a noun modifer (e.g. the sleeping baby; a rolling stone).

In English, adjectives take only two inflections: comparative and superlative

Comparative: -er: brighter, greater, cuter, older.

Superlative: -est: brightest, greatest, cutest, oldest.

Several adverbs can give the same comparative and superlative inflections (-er; -est) that adjectives take:

•     sit longer

•     walk faster

•     read harder

Many adverbs cannot take these inflections, however. Notice the awkwardness of the following phrases:

•     He said slylier.

•     She danced awkwardliest.

Like several adjectives, these same examples can use more and most to make comparisons and superlatives:

•     We have to make this matter finish easily

•     She danced most awkwardly.

B.     DERIVATION MORPHEMES

Derivation morpheme is a morpheme that produces a new lexeme of bases. Derivation morpheme is a bound morpheme which produces (creates) new words by changing the meaning or part of speech or both. In beautiful words, the bound morpheme creates new words by changing the meaning and parts of speech. Beauty is a noun but the derivative beautiful is an adjective. Some derived morphemes create new meanings but do not change syntactic categories or parts of speech.

In English, derived morphemes can be either a prefix or a suffix. All prefixes in English are derivative. All prefixes in English change their meaning although they do not change syntactic categories. For example, inefficient derivative prefixes, unin undo, re-in rewrite, dislike and a-in amoral change positive meanings to negative meanings but do not change the syntactic category of derived words; efficient is an adjective and the derivative inefficient is also an adjective; do is a verb and the derivative undo is also a verb; write is a verb and the derivative rewrite is also a verb; moral is an adjective and also immoral derivatives and adjectives. All derived prefixes described above mean 'no'. Most of the derived suffixes change the syntactic category and its meaning. Only a few of them did not change the syntax category. Derivative suffixes that change syntactic categories can be noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, adjective-forming suffixes, and adverb-forming suffixes.

a)      Types of English Derivational Morphemes

Derived morphemes can be prefix and suffix. Further explanation can be seen below:

Ø  Derivational Prefixes

Prefix	Base	Derived Word	Meaning
un-	Fair (adjective)	Unfair (adjective)	Not
in-	Balance (noun)	Inbalance (noun)	Absence of balance
re-	Write (verb)	Rewrite (verb)	Write again
dis-	Connect (verb)	Disconnect (verb)	Take apart
mis-	Understand (verb)	Misunderstand (verb)	Understand wrongly
pre-	Cook (verb)	Precook (verb)	Cook before
a-	Moral (adjective)	Amoral (adjective)	Not concerned with

Ø  Derivational Suffixes

•           Noun-Forming Suffix

Noun-forming suffixes are derivative suffixes that change a word or morpheme into a noun.The following is an explanation of the derivative suffixes that form nouns:

¡       Suffix –er, suffix –er attached to a verb is a derivative morpheme that converts a verb to a noun.The suffix creates a new meaning of 'one who takes action'.Here's an example of the suffix -er attached to a verb:

Base (Verb)	Suffix	Derived Word (Noun)
write	-er	writer

¡       Suffix –ment, the suffix –ment  is the derivational morphemes which can be attached to some verbs to form nouns . This suffix can the new meaning ‘abstract noun’

Base (Verb)	Suffix	Derived Word (Noun)
agree	-ment	agreement

¡       Suffix –ness, suffix –ness

Base (Adjective)	Suffix	Derived Word (Noun)
bright	-ness	brightness

 

¡       Adjective-forming suffix . The following is an explanation of the derivational suffixes that form adjectives.

Base (Verb)	Suffix	Derived Word (Noun)
educate	-ion	education

 

•           Adjective-Forming Suffixe

Adjective-forming suffixes are derived suffixes that change a word or morpheme into an adjective. The following is an explanation of the derivation suffixes that form adjectives

¡       Suffixe –able, Suffix –able is a derivative morpheme that converts bases into adjectives. In this case, the base can be a verb or a noun. Here's an example:

Base (Verb)	Suffix	Derived Word (Adjective)
eat	-able	eatable

¡       Suffix –ful, The suffix –ful

Base (Noun)	Suffix	Derived Word (Adjective)
care	-ful	careful

¡       The suffix –less, like the suffix –ful, the suffix –less is a derivative morpheme that changes the base to an adjective. In this case, the base is a noun. Here's an example:

Base (Noun)	Suffix	Derived Word (Adjective)
home	-less	homeless

 

•           Verb-Forming Suffixes

Verb-forming suffixes are derivation suffixes that change words or morphemes into verbs. The following is an explanation of the derivative suffixes that make up verbs:

¡       Suffix –en

Base (Adjective)	Suffix	Derived Word (Verb)
wide	-en	widen

¡       Suffix –ify, Suffix –ify is a derivational of the morpheme that converts the base into a verb. Bases can be both adjectives and nouns. Examples are as follows:

Base (Adjective)	Suffix	Derived Word (Verb)
Clear	-ify	clarify

¡       Suffix –ize, Suffix –ize is a derivational of the morpheme that converts the base into a verb. Bases can be nouns and adjectives. Examples are as follows:

Base (Noun)	Suffix	Derived Word (Verb)
apology	-ize	apologize

•           Adverb-Forming Suffixes

Adverb-forming suffixes are derivational suffixes that change a word or morpheme into an adverb. Here are examples of derived suffixes that form adverbs:

Base (Adjective)	Suffix	Derived Word (Adverb)
loud	-ly	loudly

 

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A.    CONCLUSION

1. Inflectional morpheme is a bound morpheme that tells of tension, number, gender, ownership, and so on. Unlike derived morphemes, inflectional morphemes do not change the grammatical categories of the words attached to them. Inflections are changes that indicate the grammatical function of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns (for example, noun plural, verb tenses). Inflectional morphemes are used to create variant forms of a word to signal grammatical information.

2. Derivation morpheme is a bound morpheme that produces (creates) new words by changing the meaning or part of speech or both. In English, derived morphemes can be either a prefix or a suffix. All prefixes in English are derivative. All prefixes in English change their meaning although they do not change syntactic categories. Derivative suffixes that change syntactic categories can be noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, adjective-forming suffixes, and adverb-forming suffixes.

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

https://www.thoughtco.com/derivational-morpheme-words-1690381

https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-an-inflectional-morpheme-1691064

https://semanticsmorphology.weebly.com/inflectional-and-derivational-morphemes.html