SYNTAX CONSTRUCTIONS

BASIC STRUCTURE PHRASE

PAPER

PPT

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

 

1.1 Background of the paper

            We have studied from word to phrase and phrase into larger phrase. Now we turn to constructs, relatively common patterns that repeat themselves in certain languages. Since words, phrases, clauses, and sentences are all constructed from smaller units according to a certain pattern into larger ones, the concept of construction is relevant to all areas of grammar. though obviously not all, words are constructed from small pieces of plane consisting of a single stem.

beforehand, we will discuss what is syntax first.

 

 Before we continue to cover syntax construction. the meaning of syntax is In linguistics, the word syntax comes from Greek which is a combination of syn words which means "together", and the word taxis which means "series", "sequence". So syntax is one of the branches of linguistics that studies the rules that determine how words form phrases and phrases form sentences. Etymologically, the syntax term is putting together words into groups of words or sentences and groups of words into sentences. It examines how sentences are formed and language users use a special variation that allows forming elements in sentences. In syntax, there are several parts of the sentence structure that the writer will explain, namely subject, verb, object, complement and adverb. There are two parts to sentences that are very important in analyzing syntax, namely: phrases and clauses. So in this paper we will discuss more about syntax constructions which we will explain in detail in the following discussion.

 

1.2. PROBLEM FORMULATION

1. What is Constructions ?

            2. What is Types of  Constructions ?

            3. What is Tree Diagram of Syntax ?

 

1.3. PURPOSE OF THE PAPER

1. Knowing the meaning of Syntax Constructions.

2. Knowing the types of Syntax Constructions.

3. Knowing the tree diagrams of syntax.

                                           

CHAPTER 2

DISCUSSION

 

2.1.  SYNTAX CONSTRUCTIONS.

            The syntax term is putting together words into groups of words or sentences and groups of words into sentences. The syntax Constructions is a grammatical construction that only has free form as a direct constituent and doesn’t have formal characteristics that identify it as a compound.

            Example : - He went to beach

                 - She bought a book

 

2.2. SYNTAX AND TREE DIAGRAMS.

One of the common ways to create a visual represantion of syntax structure is through tree diagrams, Symbols (Art  = article, N = noun, NP = noun phrase) are used to label the parts of the tree.

 Compilation of the syntax diagram based on its characteristics (syntax category) :

1.      Word class (part of speech)

 Determine (det), adjective (adj), noun (n), pronoun (pro), preposition (p), adverb (adv), auxiliary (aux), verb (v).

2.      Phrase structure grammar

The arrangment pattern includes Noun phrase (NP), Adjective phrase (AdjP), Verb phrase (VP), Adverb phrase (AdvP), Preposition phrase (PP).

 

And there are 5 grammatical phrases in tree analysis of syntax diagrams :

1.      Noun phrase

A set of words / phrases that modify nouns.

e.g : The young man swept the floor.

2.      Adjetive Phrase

Phrases that give a detailed description of the noun. Phrases consist of adverbs and adjectives.

e.g : He is very lazy

3.      Verb Phrase

The phrase that is formed has at least one main verb supported by a binding / complementary verb.

e.g : Lia studied English Grammar

4.      Adverb Phrase

Phrases that play a role in explaining the explanation of the time (when), the reason (why), the description of the place (where), and how something happened (how).

e.g : We are going to go to Jakarta next month.

5.      Preposition Phrase

Phrases that act as prepositions and affixes.

e.g : I am from Nganjuk.

 

List of symbols used in the tree diagram below :

S = Sentence, NP = Noun Phrase, PN = Proper noun

N = Noun, VP = Verb phrase, Adv = Adverb

V = Verb, Adj = Adjective, Prep = Preposition

Art = Article, Pro = Pronoun, PP = Prepositional phrase

2.3. DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTIONS AND DIFFERENT MEANINGS

            We focus here on construction within the clause. Two important ideas in our discussion. The first is that we can recognize basic clauses and more complex clauses and can know the relationship between them. That is, constructs are not isolated structures but are suitable for use in multiple language networks. The second idea is that different constructs exist, or have been created by speakers and writers of certain languages, to allow speakers and writers to signal what they are doing with a particular speech. The relationship between the different constructs and the different actions performed by speaker and writer is also central to the discussion of meaning in a sentence.

            For the example :

1.      a. A beautiful girl jumped from the second floor of her house

b. Did a beautful girl jump from the second floor of her house ?

The two examples of the past tense, which overcomes at jump 1a and are done in 1b. The two examples differ in that 1a is done at the beginning of the clause while 1b is not. in example 1a it is used to state or state that the event happened, while example 1b is used to ask whether the event really happened.

            Example 1a is a derivative of the declarative construction (reflects the idea that the speaker or writer is stating something as a case)

in example (b) is an example of an interrogative construction, used by the speaker who wants to ask if the event happened, that is, the speaker who wants to interrogate the person or person they are targeting (their recipient). Another interrogative construct is used when the speaker is aware that a certain type of event occurred but is not about the identity of one or more participants. There is another axample for active declarative :

-          The pretty girl bought that dress for her dance party.

And there is example for passive declarative :

-          That dress was bought for her dance party by the pretty girl.

For short passive because it doesn’t have a phrase referring to the agent. An axample : -  That dress was bought for her dance party.

There is also for long passvive :

-          That dress wes bought for her dance party by the pretty girl. (np) agent.

Why is it called long passive ? because it containts an agent noun phrase. In contrast, active clauses take as their starting point the participant who carries out an action, who is active in a given situation.

 

2.4. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTIONS

These constructions are divided into : Declarative, that is they can have a structure that is used to make statements,  Declarative can be both of passive and active . And that is Interrogative, that is they can have a structure by which to ask questions.

 Interrogative constructs are divided into two types it is : Interrogative yes-no is used to ask questions. such as example : Did he call ? the answer is yes or no.

 And WH interrogative is used to ask questions about participants in the situation : Who is calling ?, When did he call ?, What did he say ?, Where was he when he called ?.

In declarative constructions, the verb can be followed by a noun phrase and a prepositional phrase, it is also can be both of passive such as : The guitar was bought for Jane by Budi, In declarative constructions, the verb can be followed by a noun phrase and a prepositional phrase also two noun phrase. and active such as : Frank bought the guitar(np) for Jane(pp). And then Interrogative constructions can be active, as : Did Budi buy the guitar for Jane ?. Or passive, as : Did Budi buy Jane(np) the guitar(pp) ?.

 

 

2.5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEN CONSTRUCTIONS

            syntax constructions relate that each of the above constructs share a certain property with some other constructs, the other is that it is possible to determine the relationship between constructs. The constructions are divided into two main classes, Declarative Construction and Interogative Construction it is generally accepted that the active Declarative Construction is basic. This is the most frequent type of construction in the English language, because most speakers make statements, even statements about agents, and it allows for various modifications. For the example is : Budi had been buying the guitar for Jane.

           

in the declarative and interrogative examples are intertwined. so speakers and listeners must already know like when giving statements and statements.

 eg 1. Budi bought something for jane

      2. did Budi buy something for jane?

      3. What did Budi buy for Jane?

have in common, the occurrence of the auxiliary verb before the subject Budi. It also captures the fact that in syntactic terms, because not only is there an auxiliary verb that precedes the subject Budi but also what the WH pronoun contains.

 

2.6. COPULA CONSTRUCTIONS

            In this section, the construction is divided into copula and non copula, then each is divided into declarative and interrogative. as in the example: whether the guitar purchased for Jane by Budi should contain was, but the analysis shows whether it is treated as a separate copula word or whether given is treated as a form of passive gift. Passive as non-copula because a number of constituents can occur in a passive that is usually excluded from the copula clause, for example an adverb like immediately. 'Copula' is the Latin word for 'link, connection'. The motivation for the different labels is due to constructs: Copula constructs:

 A. NP Copula AP Eka is very sad.

                                (copula, ascriptive)

 b. NP Copula NP Eka is the best student.

                                            (copula, equative)

c. NP Copula PP Eka is located in Tanggerang.

                                              (copula, locative)

and in Latin, it does not describe a situation where a participant takes an action, perhaps to another person or object. On the other hand, the verb simply connects the subject's noun phrase with another phrase, in this case the adjective phrase very sad (a), the best student (b) and the prepositional phrase in Tanggerang (c).

 

The copula construct displays a number of oddities compared to the transitive (deep) construct. Example (a - c) cannot be made passive, and at least according to standard written English handbooks, pronouns that complement the copula in the 'nominative' form : It was I / he / she. Is can be moved to the front of the clause to make an interrogative :

-  Is Fiona the best student? In this case, has similarity been used on several types :  Is Lita a bicycle? But combined with the do for emphasis

 - Lita does own a bicycle - and also in the interrogation

-  Does Lita own a bicycle? Be not combined with do (at least, not in standard English, both spoken and written) : Lita is indeed the best student,

-  Is Lita the best student? What is implied in the preceding paragraph is the fact that the copula clause can be declarative or interrogative, and can be an interrogative YES - NO or WH - Is she coming to the party? vs Who comes to the party? Unlike non-copula clauses, copula clauses cannot be passive and have no multiple objects, although they can have slanted objects like in this Pack for Sarah. The complement of be is not usually treated as a direct object but is simply called a complement. And as (a)  and  (c) show, be is regularly supplemented by a prepositional adjective or phrase.

CHAPTER 3

SUMMARY

We study about Syntax we also must know about the tree diagrams. And understood about part of speech that is characteristics of syntax, phrases combine to produce clause and combine in different orders. Some clauses have special markers such as do, does, did for YES–NO INTERROGATIVES or conjunctions such as although, if and that. The above differences are said to reflect different constructions; phrases are constructed or put together in different ways to enable speakers and writers to signal differences in meaning. The various syntactic constructions in a given language form a system; one task of syntactic analysis is to work out and state how the constructions are interconnected.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

An Introduction to English Syntax

file:///C:/Users/USER/Documents/daring/Miller-An-introduction-to-English-syntax.pdf

Merriem Webster, Syntatic Constructions.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/syntactic%20construction

Setiawati,ning (2020) . Linguistic: Understanding Syntax and Explanation and Examples

https://www.ilmubahasainggris.com/linguistic-pengertian-syntax-dan-penjelasan-serta-contohnya/  (3^rd April 2020)